Prostate Imaging: Notes for Radiologists, Nurses, and Public Health Workers

Abstract

Background: The prostate gland, a vital component of the male reproductive system, is prone to various pathologies, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and prostate carcinoma. Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing, staging, and managing these conditions, with modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography (US), and nuclear medicine offering unique advantages. Beyond imaging, nursing and public health play pivotal roles in patient education, early detection, and management of prostate-related conditions.

Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of imaging techniques used in prostate evaluation, highlighting their roles in diagnosing and managing prostate-related conditions. Additionally, it emphasizes the contributions of nursing and public health in prostate care.

Methods: The review discusses the anatomical and histological features of the prostate, followed by an in-depth analysis of imaging modalities, including CT, MRI, US, and nuclear medicine. Each modality's strengths, limitations, and specific applications in diagnosing BPH, prostatitis, and prostate carcinoma are explored. Advanced techniques such as multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI), elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) are also discussed. The roles of nursing in patient care and public health in awareness and prevention are integrated into the discussion.

Results: CT is useful for staging prostate cancer and assessing metastases but has limited resolution for detailed prostate anatomy. MRI, particularly mp-MRI, excels in detecting malignancies, guiding biopsies, and differentiating prostate zones. Ultrasonography, especially transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), is widely used for prostate volume assessment and biopsy guidance, with advancements like elastography and CEUS improving diagnostic accuracy. Nuclear medicine, including PET/CT and PSMA-based imaging, is invaluable for detecting metastases and guiding therapy. Nursing plays a critical role in patient education, symptom management, and post-procedure care, while public health initiatives focus on early detection, screening programs, and reducing health disparities.

Conclusion: Imaging is indispensable in the diagnosis and management of prostate pathologies. MRI and US are particularly effective for localized disease, while nuclear medicine and CT are essential for staging and metastatic evaluation. Advances in imaging technology continue to enhance diagnostic precision and therapeutic outcomes. Nursing and public health are integral to holistic prostate care, ensuring patient-centered approaches and population-level interventions to improve outcomes.