Atherosclerosis: An Updated Overview for Healthcare Providers

Abstract

Background: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries, driven by lipid accumulation and inflammatory processes, leading to plaque formation and subsequent cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes. It is the leading cause of death in industrialized societies, accounting for approximately 50% of fatalities. Risk factors include hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and lifestyle factors like physical inactivity and poor diet. The disease progresses from fatty streaks to advanced plaques, which can rupture or erode, causing acute cardiovascular events.

Aim: This review aims to provide an updated overview of the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for atherosclerosis, emphasizing the importance of understanding its molecular and cellular mechanisms to develop effective therapeutic interventions.

Methods: The review synthesizes current knowledge on the etiology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. It discusses diagnostic tools such as lipid profiling, imaging techniques (e.g., CT angiography, calcium scoring), and clinical evaluations. Management strategies, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatments (e.g., statins, antihypertensives), and surgical interventions (e.g., revascularization), are also examined.

Results: Atherosclerosis progresses through stages, from early fatty streaks to advanced plaques prone to rupture. Diagnostic advancements, such as non-invasive imaging and biomarkers, have improved early detection and risk stratification. Effective management involves controlling modifiable risk factors through lifestyle changes and medications, significantly reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. However, advanced disease with end-organ damage remains challenging to treat.

Conclusion: Atherosclerosis is a complex, multifactorial disease that requires a comprehensive approach to prevention, diagnosis, and management. Early intervention through lifestyle changes and pharmacological therapy can significantly improve outcomes. Continued research into its pathophysiology and innovative diagnostic tools is essential for further reducing the global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.